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Robert College
150th Year

A 150 Year Tradition of
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For the Future

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1911

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1863
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2003
2013
2014

1865 Establishment of the Young Ottomans society.
1866 The Cretan revolts.
1867 Foreigners are granted the right to acquire property.
1868 The Galatasaray Imperial School opens.
1869
1870 Foundation of the autonomous Bulgarian Church.
1871
1872
1874 The Imperial University is inaugurated.
1876 Bulgarian Revolts against the Ottoman Empire. Murad V, the Abdulhamid succeed to the throne. Proclamation of the First Constitutional Era.
1877 The Russo-Turkish War.
1878 The Treaty of San Stefano is signed after the Russo-Turkish War creating the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria. Great Britain takes possession of Cyprus. The Congress of Berlin cedes Bosnia-Herzegovina to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Constitution of the Principality of Bulgaria. Invasion of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The National Assembly is dissolved.
1879
1880
1881 Establishment of the Public Debt Administration.
1882 Establishment of the OttomanPublic Dept Administration. The French conquest of Tunisia. The Triple Alliance.
1885 Annexation of Eastern Roumelia by Bulgaria.
1888 A concession is granted to Germans for the Haydarpaşa-İzmit-Ankara railway.
1889 Establishment of the İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (The Committee of Union and Progress).
1890
1892 The Jaffa-Jerusalem railway is inaugurated.
1894 Beginning of the Armenian insurrections (the Sasun Uprising). The Franco-Russian Alliance.
1895 It is decided to appoint Turkish language instructors to non-Muslim schools.
1896 The Istanbul-Thessaloniki railway is completed.
1897 The Greek forces land on Crete. The Greco-Turkish War and the Treaty of Constantinople.
1899 Concession issued to Germans for the Baghdad railway.
1900 Construction of the Hejaz railway (it was completed in 1908).
1903 Education at high schools (idadi) increases to six years.
1905
1906
1907 The Anglo-Russian Entente.
1908 The Second Constitutional Era.
1909 The 31 March rebellion. The Army of Action (Hareket Ordusu) arrives in Istanbul. Mehmed V Reshad ascends to the throne. The National Assembly reopens.
1910 The Albanian revolt.
1911 Italy attacks Tripoli. The Turco-Italian War.
1912 The Balkan War. Albania declares independence.
1913 The Second Balkan War.
1914 World War I begins. Ottoman-German Alliance.
1915 The Dardanelles wars. The law for the deportation of Armenians.
1916 The Sykes-Picot agreement.
1917 The Bolsheviks seize power in Russia (the October Revolution).
1918 President Wilson's Fourteen Points. The Armistice of Moudros.
1919 Erzurum, Alaşehir and Sivas Congresses. Sultanahmet Square rallies.
1920 Occupation of Istanbul. The establishment of the National Assembly in Ankara. The Treaty of Sèvres
1921 The Law on Fundamental Organization (Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu).
1922 The Armistice of Mudanya. The Independence Tribunals. The abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate.
1923 The Treaty of Lausanne. Ankara becomes the capital. The declaration of the Republic. Mustafa Kemal is the president, İsmet İnönü the prime minister. The population exchange.
1924 Abolition of the caliphate. Expulsion of the ottoman dynasty. The Law for the Unification of Education. Approval of the new Constitution.
1925 The Sheikh Said rebellion. The law on the Maintenance of the Order (Takrir-i Sükun Kanunu). The Progressive Republican Party (Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası) is closed down. A law is passed to adopt the international time zones and calendar.
1926 The Civil Law and the New Turkish Penal Code. The Mosul question. The assassination attempt in Izmir.
1927The first census.
1928 The provision declaring that the "Religion of the State is Islam" is removed from the Constitution. The law for the establishment of public schools. The Turkish Citizenship Law. Acceptance of the new alphabet.
1929
1930 The Central Bank is founded. The Liberal Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) is closed down. The Ağrı rebellion. The Menemen affair.
1931
1932 The People's Houses / community centers (Halkevleri) open. The "Kadro" affair: polemics triggered by the short-lived Kadro periodical. Turkey joins the League of the Nations. Turkish becomes the language of the call to prayer.
1933The university reform.
1934 A change is made to the Constitution, to recognize the rights of the women to vote and to be elected to the parliament.
1935Eighteen women are elected to the Turkish National Assembly.
1936 The Montreux Convention regarding the passage through the Turkish straits is signed.
1937 The Dersim rebellion.
1938 The death of Atatürk.
1939 Annexation of Hatay by Turkey. The Erzincan earthquake.
1940
1941 The Wealth Tax.
1945 Turkey declares war on Germany. Newspaper Tan's office is pillaged.
1944
1945
1946 The Varto earthquake. The first multi-party elections.
1947 The first US aid.
1948 Turkey joins OECD.
1949 Turkey joins the Council of Europe.
1950 The Democratic Party comes to power. The Turkish brigade goes to Korea.
1951The People's Houses/community centers (Halkevleri) are closed down.
1952 Turkey joins NATO.
1954 Turkey signs the Declaration of Human Rights.
1954
1955 The Events of September 6-7.
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960 The May 27 coup.
1961 Approval of the New Constitution. Execution of Menderes and other DP members.
1962
1964The Cyprus conflict.
1966 The Erzurum earthquake.
1967 "Anadol" is manufactured. The Pope visits Turkey.
1968 Protests against the Sixth Fleet.
1969
1970 The rise of the Arabesque music.
1971The March 12 memorandum.
1972 The periodical "Gırgır"s circulation reaches 500 thousand. Execution of Deniz Gezmiş.
1973Inauguration of the Bosporus Bridge.
1974 The Cyprus operation.
1975The Diyarbakır earthquake.
1976
1977 The May 1 massacre.
1978 The Maraş massacre.
1979
1980 The September 12 coup.
1982 Approval of the New Constitution.
1984 Beginning of the PKK actions.
1985
1986
1987 The bans on politicians are removed by a referendum.
1988
1989
1990 The first private television channel.
1991 The first female governor: Lale Aytaman, Muğla.
1992 The Nowruz events.
1993 The Sivas massacre.
1994 April 5 decisions.
1995
1996 Chechens pirate the ferryboat Avrasya. The Susurluk accident.
1997 The "One Minute of Darkness" action. February 28 memorandum.
1998
1999 Öcalan's capture. İzmit and Düzce earthquakes. The OSCE Istanbul summit.
2000 Galatasaray wins UEFA Championship.Zeugma is flooded.
2001 Economic crisis.
2002 Turkey wins third place in the World Cup.AKP forms a majority government.
2003 Al Qaida attack in İstanbul.
2004
2005 EU-Turkey negotiations begin.
2006 Orhan Pamuk RA 70 wins the Nobel Prize for Literature.
2007 Hrant Dink is murdered."Cumhuriyet"(Republic) protests begin.Abdullah Gül is elected President.
2008
2009 Skeleton dated 6,200 B.C. is discovered at the Marmaray tube tunnel excavations.
2010 Mavi Marmara aid flotilla is raided.
2011
2013
2014

1865 The American Civil War. The Reconstruction Era in the United States, and the end of slavery. Mendel founds the new science of genetics.
1866
1867 Serbia proclaims its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
1868 The rapid modernization of Japan begins with the Meiji Period. The first Cro-Magnon specimen is found.
1869 Mendeleev creates the Periodic Table. The Suez Canal opens.
1870 The autonomous Bulgarian Church is founded. The Franco-Prussian War leads to the establishment of Germany and Italy.
1871 End of Japan's feudal system. The Second Industrial Revolution.
1872 The first official football match is played between England and Scotland.
1873 Blue jeans and barbed wire appear on the market.
1876 13 million people die in the three-year famine in northern China.
1877 Edison invents the phonograph.
1878 The first commercial telephone exchange opens in New Haven, Connecticut. The Treaty of Berlin was signed after the Russo-Turkish War, recognizing the independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania, and the autonomy of Bulgaria.
1879 The Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa. Edison invents the electric light bulb.
1880 The First Boer War begins. The Wounded Knee Massacre is the final battle of the American Indian Wars.
1881 The First Boer War ends.
1882 British Invasion of Egypt.
1886 Benz is granted a patent for his first automobile.
1888 Benz sells the first commercial automobile.
1889 The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris.
1980 The Wounded Knee Massacre of Native Americans occurred in the US.
1892 The first official game of basketball is played in Albany, NY. First official use of fingerprints.
1894 The first gramophone record. The Dreyfus affair (resolved in 1906).
1895 Volleyball is invented. Roentgen discovers X-rays.
1896 Revival of the Olympic Games in Athens.
1897 The Ottoman-Greek war. Aspirin is developed by Bayer AG chemists.
1899 Famine in India.
1900
1904 The Russo-Japanese War. Completion of the Trans-Siberian railway.
1905 Einstein develops his theory of relativity.
1906 Nawab Salimullah Khan founds the Muslim League in Dhaka.
1907 The Romanian Peasants' Revolt causes the death of some 11,000 people.
1908 Ford introduces the assembly line. Ford introduced the assembly line.
1909
1910 The Albanian Revolt.
1911 Amundsen reaches the South Pole.Rutherford identifies the atomic nucleus.
1912 The Republic of China is founded. Titanic sinks.
1913 Bohr develops his atomic model; the beginning of quantum mechanics.
1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo; World War I begins. The Panama Canal is inaugurated. The Second Industrial Revolution.
1915 The Sykes-Picot Agreement.
1916 Daylight Saving Time is introduced.
1917 The Russian Revolution.
1918 End of World War I. The Spanish flu pandemic.
1919 The Treaty of Versailles defines the new borders in Europe. The League of Nations and the Comintern Workers' Organization are founded. Rutherford discovers the proton. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent are founded.
1920 The Mexican Revolution ends.
1921 Hitler becomes the leader of the Nazi Party. (He became the Fuhrer of Germany in 1934) The Pahlavi dynasty comes to power in Iran.
1922 Mussolini comes to power in Italy. Tutankhamun's tomb is discovered.
1923 Walt Disney Company is founded.
1924 Expulsion of the Ottoman dynasty.
1925 Mein Kampf is published.Baird transmits the first television image. The Locarno Treaties are signed.
1926
1927
1928 Fleming discovers penicillin.
1929 Wall Street crashes; the Great Depression begins. The first Academy Awards.
1930 The first FIFA World Cup.
1931 Mao Zedong founded the Chinese Soviet Republic.
1932 BBC started to broadcast. The neutron was discovered.
1933 The New Deal program started in the USA.
1934
1935
1936 Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
1937 Japan's invasion of China; beginning of World War II in the Far East.
1938 700,000 dissidents were killed in Russia. Crystal Night in Germany.
1939 End of the Spanish Civil War. Nazi occupation of Poland, beginning of World War II in Europe.
1940 Nazi occupation of France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway.
1941 The most extensive phase of the Holocaust. The USA joined the war following the Pearl Harbor attack. The Nazis marched into Russia.
1943 The Battle of Stalingrad. The German army began to retreat.
1944 The D-Day landing. The Soviet Union annexed the Baltic States. The first functional electronic computer Colossus began to work.
1945 End of World War II. A total of 12 million people, of which 6 million were Jews, died in the Holocaust. The atomic bomb was invented. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed. At the outcome of the Potsdam Conference, Europe was divided into Soviet and Western blocs. The United Nations was formed.
1946 First picture of Earth taken from Space.
1947 The sound barrier was broken. CIA was established.
1948 The Arab-Israeli War. The Marshall Plan. Foundation of OECD and WHO. The beginning of the apartheid regime in South Africa.
1949 NATO was established.
1950
1951
1952 The hydrogen bomb was tested. The first commercial jet flight.
1953 The DNA was discovered. First Everest expedition.
1954 The Soviet Union generated electricity using nuclear power for the first time.
1955 The Warsaw Pact was signed. The antimatter was produced.
1956 The Suez crisis.
1957 Sputnik 1 was launched. The Treaty of Rome was signed. The birth control pill was used for the first time.
1958 The optical disc and the cassette tape were invented.
1959 The Cuban Revolution. Cyprus gained independence. The Vietnam War started. The first images of the dark side of the Moon were captured.
1960 The European Free Trade Association was established. The first laser was produced. The Beatles was formed.
1961 The Berlin Wall was constructed. The first human Space journey.
1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis.
1963 Kennedy is assassinated.
1966 The Cultural Revolution in China.
1967
1968 The Prague Spring. The May '68 protests in France.
1969 First man to set foot on the Moon. The Woodstock festival. ARPANET, the precursor of the internet, went into operation.
1970 The Nuclear Disarmament Agreement was signed.
1971
1972 Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland.
1973 The Watergate scandal.
1974
1975 End of the Vietnam War.
1976 End of the Cultural Revolution.
1977 First mass production of personal computers. The Voyager was launched.
1978 Artificial insulin was produced. The first test tube baby was born.
1979 The Soviets occupied Afghanistan. The Iranian revolution and the hostage crisis. The Shah Reza Pahlavi went into exile. The first space station Skylab was launched. Smallpox has been eradicated. The Khmer Rouge regime fell.
1980 The Iran-Iraq War started. The Wounded Knee Massacre is the final battle of the American Indian Wars.
1982 Israel occupied Lebanon. The Falklands Conflict. The Hama massacre in Syria.
1983 GPS became available for civilian use.
1985 Live Aid concert. The first DNA fingerprint.
1986 Challenger and Chernobyl disasters. Launch of the Mir space station. Halley's Comet.
1987 The stock market crash. The first Intifada.
1988 The beginning of perestroika. The end of the Iran-Iraq war.
1989 The Berlin Wall is torn down. The Soviet Bloc disintegrated after the 1989 revolution. The Tiananmen Square massacre. The end of the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan. A fatwa was issued against Salman Rushdie.
1990 World Wide Web was created. The space telescope Hubble was launched. The Gulf War started.
1991 The end of the Gulf War. The Soviet Union dissolved.
1992 The European Union was established by the Maastricht Treaty.
1994 South Africa's apartheid regime came to an end. NAFTA was founded. Genocide in Ruanda. The Channel Tunnel opened.
1994
1995 The World Trade Organization was established. The Srebrenica massacre.
1996 Dolly was the first cloned animal. Taliban seized Afghanistan.
1997
1998 Osama bin Laden declared jihad against the West.
1999 Euro entered circulation. The Yugoslavian wars ended.
2000 Israel retreated from Lebanon. The second Intifada started. The International Space Station began to operate.
2001 September 11 attacks. The beginning of the War on Terror and the Afghan war. Wikipedia was founded.
2002
2003 The Iraqi War. The Human Genome Project was completed.
2004 NATO and EU expanded, encompassing the majority of the former Eastern bloc.
2005 IRA terminated the military operations in Northern Ireland. Attack in the London subway. 80 thousand people died in the Kashmir earthquake. The Kyoto protocol entered into effect.
2006
2007 The Great Stagnation started.
2008 The Nargis cyclone in Myanmar caused 133,000 fatalities.
2009 The tallest skyscraper in the world, Burj Khalifa, was inaugurated. The economic bloc BRICS was formed.
2010 230,000 people died in the Haiti earthquake. The European debt crisis. Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Wikileaks disclosed thousands of confidential documents. The Arab Spring began in Tunisia.
2011 The Occupy movement. Earthquake in Japan caused 16 thousand fatalities, and led to the Fukushima Nuclear Plant disaster.
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Robert College
150th Year